Outline

1. __Obstacles to Italian Unity__
===1a. The thought of Italy becoming unified was laughable. The invasions of Naples Neapolitans had sparked dreams of national unity. Italy was separated into different nations. Florence considered them selves Tuscans, Venice were Venetians, Naples were Neapolitans and so on. Although the people of the Italian peninsula spoke the same language, they had not experienced political union since Roman times. By the early 1800's, though, Italian patriots-including Mazzini, who would become revolutionary. ("were determined to build a new, united Italy"). Just like Germany-Unification was brought about by the efforts of a strong state and furthered by a shrewd,(ruthless politician)-Count Camillo Cavour (kah-voor).=== ===1b. Guiseppe Mazzini founded "Young Italy." The goal was "to constitute Italy, one, free, independent, republican Nation." In 1849, Mazzini helped set up a revolutionary republic in Rome, but french forces soon toppled it. Mazzini spent most of his life in exile, plotting and dreaming of a united Italy.===

Nationalism Takes Root
===1c. Mazzini once said "Ideas grew quickly, when watered by the blood of Martyrs." To nationalists, a united Italy made sense not only because of geography, but also because of a common language and history.===

2.__The Struggle for Italy__
====**2a. After 1848 leadership of the Risorgimento or Italian nationalist movement, passed the kingdom of Sardinia. Its constitutional monarch, Victor Emmanuel II, hoped to join other states to his own, so he could increase his power. In 1852 Victor Emmanuel made count Camillo Cavour his prime minister. Once in office, Cavour moved first to reform sardinias economy. He improved agriculture, had railroads built, and encouraged commerce by supporting free trade. His long-term goal was to end Austrian power in Italy and annex to provinces of Lombardy and venetia. In 1855 cavour lead sardinia to join Britain and France against Russia in the Crimean war, but they didn't win territory, but had a voice at the peace conference. Garibaldi forces won control of sicily, he crossed the main land and marched triumphantly north of Naples. Cavour urged Victor Emmanuel to send sardinian troops to deal with Garibaldi. In a patriotic move Garibaldi turned over Naples and Sicily to Victor Emmanuel, who was soon crowned king of Italy in 1864.**====